| Abstract |
The development of safe new sources of high-quality water to keep up with soaring water demand is of paramount importance. Due to improvements in membrane technology over the last decades, recycling wastewater by treating it to an acceptable standards using membrane technology, such as reverse osmosis (RO) or nanofiltration (NF), is becoming a more and more widely accepted option. RO and NF are increasingly used for the treatment of recycled waters to the necessary standards due to their efficiency in removing a broad range of dissolved contaminants. However, more recent results have shown that NF and RO membranes are permeable for certain, relatively small trace organic contaminants, including many pharmaceuticals and personal care products, the presence of which might pose risks to human health and the environment. |