| Abstract |
Since the commercialization of reverse osmosis (RO) membranes throughout the 1960s and 1970s, the quest for better performance and efficiency has scarcely ended. Significant improvements in membrane formulation, casting, and assembly techniques have resulted in more durable and efficient membranes than ever before. As remarkable and impressive as modern membrane technology is, it is currently not possible to produce high-purity water with a single-pass through an RO membrane. Subsequent treatment is required, and often involves either full train or mixed-bed ion exchange. |